前回のポスト” ロシア語アルファベットで<アイウエオ><アカサタナ> -続編 ” の終わりの方で
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母音(硬母音、軟母音とも)、場所により、少なくとも二つの違った発音がある。
(中略)
さらには子音の方も場所により有声音(voiced)が無声音(voiceless) になるのだ。つまり
以上のような混乱がロシア語にあるということで、ルールはあるようだが(次回のポストで詳しく見る)、英語と同じく一語一語発音を覚える必要があるようだ。これは比較的簡単な綴(つづ)り方ルールはあり、これを知ってしまえば、意味はとにかく初めて見る語も<文字通り>読めばいいフランス語やイタリア語と違うところだ。日本語も仮名(かな、カナ)で書けば、<文字通り>読めばいい。
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と書いた。Wiki のロシア語アルファベット(英語版)では発音の<ルール>が書いてある。書いてあるのを読んでも記憶にのこらない、といっていい。今はネット辞典で具体的なロシア語の発音が聞けるので、確かめられると同時に、基本語を発音付きで記憶するのに大いに役立つ。
https://www.russlandjournal.de/en/learn-russian/russian-alphabet/ に
ロシア語アルファベット(英語版)では発音の<ルール>が書いてある。 (red = stressed)
А а |
a | [a] (open and clear if stressed) [a] / [i] (reduced if unstressed) |
как [á] = how какой [a] = which, what часы [i] = clock, watch |
часы は<チスィ><チシィ>のはずだがネット辞典で<チスティ>に聞こえる。 日本語と同じく clock, watch に区別がない。
Б б |
бэ [be] |
[b] (voiced) [bj] (voiced soft) [p] (voiceless) [pj] (voiceless soft) |
быть [b] = be бить [bj] = beat клуб [p] = club голубь [pj] = pigeon |
В в |
вэ [ve] |
[v] (voiced) [vj] (voiced soft) [f] (voiceless) [fj] (voiceless soft) |
вы [v] = you виза [vj] = visa все [f] = all кровь [fj] = blood |
Г г |
гэ [ge] |
[g] (voiced) [gj] (voiced soft) [k] (voiceless) |
год [g] = year гимн [gj] = hymn слог [k] = syllable |
Д д |
дэ [de] |
[d] (voiced) [dj] (voiced soft) [t] (voiceless) [tj] (voiceless soft) |
да [d] = yes день [dj] = day вход [t] = entrance будь [tj] = be (Imperativ 1st Person Sing.) |
Е е
е [ye] |
[ye] as in yet (in the initial position, after vowels and after ь and ъ) [e] / [i] / [ɨ] (after consonants, regardless of stress) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft |
ехать [ye] = go, drive пьеса [ye] = theater play диета [ye] = diet нет [nje] = no немного [nji] = a little, a few желать [ɨ] = wish |
четыpe (= four) チティ―レ
ceмь (= seven) シ(ー)ム
вoceмь (= eight) ヴォシ(ー)ム
дeвять (= nine) ジヴィト、ジヴィチ
дecять (= ten) ジシィト、ジシ(ー)チ
これで1-10の半分が覚えられる。ついでに
oдин (= one) は<オジン>ではなく<アジン>。двa (= two) ドゥヴァ
тpи (= three) トゥリ
(четыpe (= four) チティ―レ)
пять (= five) ピアトゥ
шecть (= six) シェストゥ
Ё ё |
ё [yo] |
[yo] as in your (in the initial position, after vowels and after ь and ъ) [o] (after consonants) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft; - ё is always stressed; - it is often written without dots on top |
ёлка [yo] = fir tree даёт [yo] = he/she gives пьёт [yo] = he/she drinks всё [o] = everything |
Ж ж |
жэ [zhe] |
[zh] voiced as in leisure [sh] voiceless as in sure Note: - always hard |
жена [zh] = wife муж [sh] = husband |
З з |
зэ [ze] |
[z] (voiced as in zone) [zj] (voiced soft) [s] (voiceless as is sown) [sj] (voiceless soft) |
завтра [z] = tomorrow зима [zj] = winter близко [s] = near мазь [sj] = ointment |
И и
и [i] |
[i] / [ee] (as in tee) [ɨ] (after ж, ш, ц) Note: - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables; - the preceding consonant is soft |
алфавит [i] = alphabet машина [ɨ] = car |
Й й |
и краткое [i krátkaye] short I |
[y] as in toy Note: - always soft and voiced |
мой = my |
К к |
ка [ka] |
[k] (voiceless) [kj] (voiceless soft) Note: - In Russian, it is not aspirated like the K in skip |
кот [k] = cat кит [kj] = whale |
Л л
эль [elj] |
[l] (voiced) [lj] (voiced soft, like in the French name Michelle) |
луна [l] = moon люди [lj] = people |
М м |
эм [em] |
[m] (voiced) [mj] (voiced soft) |
сам [m] = myself, himself семь [mj] = seven |
Н н
эн [en] |
[n] (voiced) [nj] (voiced soft) |
она [n] = she они [nj] = they |
О о |
о [o] |
[o] (when stressed it is a clear O-sound as in or) [a] (reduced when unstressed) |
тот [o] = that (m) этот [a] = this (m) |
<o>が<a>と発音されるケースはかなり多い。
<モスクワ>は мockвaで<マスクヴァ>となる。
oдин (= one) は<オジン>ではなく<アジン>。
П п |
пэ [pe] |
[p] (voiceless) [pj] (voiceless soft) Note: - In Russian, it is not aspirated like the P in speak |
пока [p] = Bye пить [pj] = drink |
Р р
эр [er] |
[r] (voiced) [rj] (voiced soft) Note: - The Russian R is rolled with the tip of the tongue |
рука [r] = arm, hand рюмка [rj] = small liqueur glass |
С с |
эс [es] |
[s] (voiceless) [sj] (voiceless soft) |
сад [s] = garden сидеть [sj] = sit |
Т т |
тэ [te] |
[t] (voiceless) [tj] (voiceless soft) Note: - In Russian, it is not aspirated like the T in stick |
тогда [t] = then тётя [tj] = aunt |
У у |
у [u] |
[u] / [oo] Note: - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables (except for some special cases) |
русский [u] = Russian |
Ф ф |
эф [ef] |
[f] (voiceless) [fj] (voiceless soft) |
фото [f] = photo фильм [fj] = film |
Х х |
ха [ha] / [kha] |
[h] / [kh](voiceless, similar to Lochness) [hj] / [khj] (voiceless soft) |
хохотать [kh] = laugh loud хихикать [khj] = chuckle |
Ц ц |
цэ [tse] |
[ts] (similar to tsar) Note: - always voiceless and hard |
немецкий [ts] = German |
Ч ч
че [che] |
[ch] / [tch] (as in cheers or Tchaikovsky) Note: - always voiceless and soft |
учить [ch] = learn, teach |
Ш ш
ша [sha] |
[sh] (as in shop) Note: - always voiceless and hard |
слушать [sh] = hear |
Щ щ
ща [shsha] |
[shsh] (similar to fresh shots) Note: - sometimes it is transcribed as [shch] which might be confusing as the Russian letter Щ is pronounced more like the long Ш [shsh] and not like the combination auf Ш and Ч [shch]; - always voiceless and soft |
ещё [shsh] = still, yet |
ъ |
твёрдый знак [tvjórdɨj znak] hard sign |
- the hard sign is not pronounced; - it appears only between a consonant and the vowels -е, -ё, -ю, -я (with the exception of some loanwords); - the preceding consonant is hard; - the succeeding vowels are pronounced with the distinct initial Y-sound (ye, yo, yu, ya). |
съесть [sye] (with ъ) = eat up сесть [sje] (without ъ) = sit down |
|
ы |
ы [ɨ] |
[ɨ] Note: - Ы is a retracted (half backed) variety of И [i] pronounced with the root of the tongue blocking the throat; - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables |
Э э |
э [e] |
[e] (similar to set or rap) Note: - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables; - usually appears in the initial position or after vowels |
это [e] = this, that, it поэтому [e] = that's why |
Ю ю
ю [yu] |
[yu] / [yoo] (in the initial position, after ъ, ь or after vowels) [u] (after consonants) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft; - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables. |
юмор [yu] = humor ночью [yu] = at / by night союз [yu] = union любовь [lju] = love |
Я я |
я [ya] |
[ya] (in the initial position, after ъ, ь or after vowels) [yi] or a combination of [yi] and [ya] (if unstressed) [a] / [i] (after consonants, regardless of the stress) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft |
ясно [ya] = clear друзья [ya] = friends Россия [ya] = Russia язык [yɨ] = language, tongue имя [mja] = name |
sptt