ロシア語アルファベットで＜アイウエオ＞＜アカサタナ＞ －続編－２

 

前回のポスト” ロシア語アルファベットで＜アイウエオ＞＜アカサタナ＞ －続編 ” の終わりの方で

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母音（硬母音、軟母音とも）、場所により、少なくとも二つの違った発音がある。

（中略）

さらには子音の方も場所により有声音（voiced）が無声音(voiceless) になるのだ。つまり

以上のような混乱がロシア語にあるということで、ルールはあるようだが（次回のポストで詳しく見る）、英語と同じく一語一語発音を覚える必要があるようだ。これは比較的簡単な綴（つづ）り方ルールはあり、これを知ってしまえば、意味はとにかく初めて見る語も＜文字通り＞読めばいいフランス語やイタリア語と違うところだ。日本語も仮名（かな、カナ）で書けば、＜文字通り＞読めばいい。

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と書いた。Wiki のロシア語アルファベット（英語版）では発音の＜ルール＞が書いてある。書いてあるのを読んでも記憶にのこらない、といっていい。今はネット辞典で具体的なロシア語の発音が聞けるので、確かめられると同時に、基本語を発音付きで記憶するのに大いに役立つ。

https://www.russlandjournal.de/en/learn-russian/russian-alphabet/　に

ロシア語アルファベット（英語版）では発音の＜ルール＞が書いてある。　(red = stressed)

А а

a

[a] (open and clear if stressed) [a] / [i] (reduced if unstressed)

как [á] = how какой [a] = which, what часы [i] = clock, watch

часы は＜チスィ＞＜チシィ＞のはずだがネット辞典で＜チスティ＞に聞こえる。 日本語と同じく clock, watch に区別がない。

Б б

бэ [be]

[b] (voiced) [bj] (voiced soft) [p] (voiceless) [pj] (voiceless soft)

быть [b] = be бить [bj] = beat клуб [p] = club голубь [pj] = pigeon

 

В в

вэ [ve]

[v] (voiced) [vj] (voiced soft) [f] (voiceless) [fj] (voiceless soft)

вы [v] = you виза [vj] = visa все [f] = all кровь [fj] = blood

 

Г г

гэ [ge]

[g] (voiced) [gj] (voiced soft) [k] (voiceless)

год [g] = year гимн [gj] = hymn слог [k] = syllable

 

 

Д д

дэ [de]

[d] (voiced) [dj] (voiced soft) [t] (voiceless) [tj] (voiceless soft)

да [d] = yes день [dj] = day вход [t] = entrance будь [tj] = be (Imperativ 1st Person Sing.)

 

 Е е

е [ye]

[ye] as in yet (in the initial position, after vowels and after ь and ъ) [e] / [i] / [ɨ] (after consonants, regardless of stress) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft

ехать [ye] = go, drive пьеса [ye] = theater play диета [ye] = diet нет [nje] = no немного [nji] = a little, a few желать [ɨ] = wish

четыpe (= four) 　チティ―レ
ceмь (= seven）　シ（ー）ム
вoceмь (= eight）　ヴォシ（ー）ム
дeвять (= nine) 　ジヴィト、ジヴィチ
дecять (= ten) 　ジシィト、ジシ（ー）チ

これで1－10の半分が覚えられる。ついでに

oдин (= one) は＜オジン＞ではなく＜アジン＞。
двa (= two)　ドゥヴァ
тpи (= three) 　トゥリ
（четыpe (= four) 　チティ―レ）
пять (= five) 　ピアトゥ
шecть (= six) 　シェストゥ

Ё ё

ё [yo]

[yo] as in your (in the initial position, after vowels and after ь and ъ) [o] (after consonants) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft; - ё is always stressed; - it is often written without dots on top

ёлка [yo] = fir tree даёт [yo] = he/she gives пьёт [yo] = he/she drinks всё [o] = everything

 

 

Ж ж

жэ [zhe]

[zh] voiced as in leisure [sh] voiceless as in sure Note: - always hard

жена [zh] = wife муж [sh] = husband

 

 

З з

зэ [ze]

[z] (voiced as in zone) [zj] (voiced soft) [s] (voiceless as is sown) [sj] (voiceless soft)

завтра [z] = tomorrow зима [zj] = winter близко [s] = near мазь [sj] = ointment

 

 

 

И и

и [i]

[i] / [ee] (as in tee) [ɨ] (after ж, ш, ц) Note: - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables; - the preceding consonant is soft

алфавит [i] = alphabet машина [ɨ] = car

 

 

Й й

и краткое [i krátkaye] short I

[y] as in toy Note: - always soft and voiced

мой = my

 

 

 

К к

ка [ka]

[k] (voiceless) [kj] (voiceless soft) Note: - In Russian, it is not aspirated like the K in skip

кот [k] = cat кит [kj] = whale

 

Л л

эль [elj]

[l] (voiced) [lj] (voiced soft, like in the French name Michelle)

луна [l] = moon люди [lj] = people

 

 

М м

эм [em]

[m] (voiced) [mj] (voiced soft)

сам [m] = myself, himself семь [mj] = seven

 

 Н н

эн [en]

[n] (voiced) [nj] (voiced soft)

она [n] = she они [nj] = they

 

 

О о

о [o]

[o] (when stressed it is a clear O-sound as in or) [a] (reduced when unstressed)

тот [o] = that (m) этот [a] = this (m)

 ＜o＞が＜a＞と発音されるケースはかなり多い。

＜モスクワ＞は мockвaで＜マスクヴァ＞となる。
oдин (= one) は＜オジン＞ではなく＜アジン＞。

 

П п

пэ [pe]

[p] (voiceless) [pj] (voiceless soft) Note: - In Russian, it is not aspirated like the P in speak

пока [p] = Bye пить [pj] = drink

 

 

 

 Р р

эр [er]

[r] (voiced) [rj] (voiced soft) Note: - The Russian R is rolled with the tip of the tongue

рука [r] = arm, hand рюмка [rj] = small liqueur glass

 

 

С с

эс [es]

[s] (voiceless) [sj] (voiceless soft)

сад [s] = garden сидеть [sj] = sit

 

 

Т т

тэ [te]

[t] (voiceless) [tj] (voiceless soft) Note: - In Russian, it is not aspirated like the T in stick

тогда [t] = then тётя [tj] = aunt

 

 

 

У у

у [u]

[u] / [oo] Note: - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables (except for some special cases)

русский [u] = Russian

 

 

Ф ф

эф [ef]

[f] (voiceless) [fj] (voiceless soft)

фото [f] = photo фильм [fj] = film

 

 

Х х

ха [ha] / [kha]

[h] / [kh](voiceless, similar to Lochness) [hj] / [khj] (voiceless soft)

хохотать [kh] = laugh loud хихикать [khj] = chuckle

 

 

 

Ц ц

цэ [tse]

[ts] (similar to tsar) Note: - always voiceless and hard

немецкий [ts] = German

 

 

 

 Ч ч

че [che]

[ch] / [tch] (as in cheers or Tchaikovsky) Note: - always voiceless and soft

учить [ch] = learn, teach

 

Ш ш

ша [sha]

[sh] (as in shop) Note: - always voiceless and hard

слушать [sh] = hear

 

 

Щ щ

ща [shsha]

[shsh] (similar to fresh shots) Note: - sometimes it is transcribed as [shch] which might be confusing as the Russian letter Щ is pronounced more like the long Ш [shsh] and not like the combination auf Ш and Ч [shch]; - always voiceless and soft

ещё [shsh] = still, yet

 

 

ъ

твёрдый знак [tvjórdɨj znak] hard sign

- the hard sign is not pronounced; - it appears only between a consonant and the vowels -е, -ё, -ю, -я (with the exception of some loanwords); - the preceding consonant is hard; - the succeeding vowels are pronounced with the distinct initial Y-sound (ye, yo, yu, ya).

	съесть [sye] (with ъ) = eat up сесть [sje] (without ъ) = sit down

ы

ы [ɨ]

[ɨ] Note: - Ы is a retracted (half backed) variety of И [i] pronounced with the root of the tongue blocking the throat; - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables

 

 

Э э

э [e]

[e] (similar to set or rap) Note: - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables; - usually appears in the initial position or after vowels

это [e] = this, that, it поэтому [e] = that's why

 

 Ю ю

ю [yu]

[yu] / [yoo] (in the initial position, after ъ, ь or after vowels) [u] (after consonants) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft; - the pronunciation is more or less the same in stressed and unstressed syllables.

юмор [yu] = humor ночью [yu] = at / by night союз [yu] = union любовь [lju] = love

 

 

 

 

Я я

я [ya]

[ya] (in the initial position, after ъ, ь or after vowels) [yi] or a combination of [yi] and [ya] (if unstressed) [a] / [i] (after consonants, regardless of the stress) Note: - the preceding consonant is soft

ясно [ya] = clear друзья [ya] = friends Россия [ya] = Russia язык [yɨ] = language, tongue имя [mja] = name

 

 

 

 

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